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Topology Objectives Part 1: Build the Network and Explore Dynamic Trunking Protocol Part 2: Configure Static EtherChannel Part 3: Implement EtherChannel Using PAgP Part 4: Implement EtherChannel Using LACP Part 5: Tune LACP-based EtherChannels Part 6: Explore ...

Introduction This device is a  fanless network appliance and soft router often sold under various white-label brands like WooYi or Topton on platforms like AliExpress. It functions primarily as a high-performance hardware firewall, network switch, or home serv...

Proxmox VE is based on Debian.  The installer will guide you through the setup, allowing you to partition the local disk(s), apply basic system configurations (for example, timezone, language, network) and install all required packages. Installing with the pro...

Multicast is used to send the same data packets to multiple receivers. By sending to multiple receivers, the packets are not duplicated for every receiver. Instead, they are sent in a single stream, where downstream routers perform packet multiplication over r...

The primary purpose of the IGMP is to permit hosts to communicate their desire to receive multicast traffic to the IP multicast router on the local network. This action, in turn, permits the IP multicast router to join the specified multicast group and to begi...

First, a quick and critical correction regarding the previous discussion about notation: IGMPv3 is not the only protocol that results in an (S, G) entry. While IGMPv3 is the only version that allows a host to explicitly request an (S, G) join from the very sta...

Multicast Forwarding vs. Unicast Forwarding Unicast Forwarding: A router looks only at the destination IP address. It scans the routing table and forwards a single copy of the packet out a single interface toward that destination. Multicast Forwarding: A sourc...

Rendezvous Point (RP) Deployment Methods A Rendezvous Point (RP) is a router that serves as the common shared root for a multicast shared tree. Multiple RPs can be configured to cover different multicast group ranges. However, for a network to operate correctl...

What is Source Specific Multicast (SSM)? In standard PIM Sparse Mode, a host joins a group using a generic (*, G) request. The network relies on a Rendezvous Point (RP) to find out who is broadcasting the traffic, which adds complexity and latency. SSM simplif...

The Problem with Regular PIM-SM (Many-to-Many Apps) In standard PIM Sparse Mode, routing is unidirectional. Senders must encapsulate their traffic inside unicast PIM Register messages to the RP, and routers must build unique (S, G) states for every single sour...

The Problem: Multicast Across Different Internet Companies In a single network, PIM Sparse Mode uses a Rendezvous Point (RP) as a central meeting place to connect sources and receivers. However, when multiple Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or separate compa...

Topology Addressing Table Device Interface IPv4 Address R1 G0/0/1 10.10.0.1/29 Loopback0 209.165.200.225/27 Loopback1 192.168.1.1/26 D1 G1/0/5 10.10.0.2/29 G1/0/23 10.10.8.1/24 G1/0/24 10.10.9.1/24 D2 G1/0/5 10.10.0.3/29 G1/0/23 10.10.24.1/24 G1/0/24 10.10.25....

Topology Addressing Table Device Interface IPv4 Address R1 G0/0/0 172.16.0.2/30 G0/0/1 10.10.0.1/30 R2 Lo0 209.165.200.225/27 G0/0/0 172.16.0.1/30 G0/0/1 172.16.1.1/30 R3 G0/0/0 172.16.1.2/30 G0/0/1 10.10.4.1/30 D1 G1/0/11 10.10.0.2/30 G1/0/23 10.10.1.1/24 D2 ...

Topology Addressing Table Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway R1 S0/1/0 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.252 N/A   G0/0/1 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0   R3 S0/1/0 192.168.13.2 255.255.255.252 N/A   G0/0/1 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0     Loopback...

Topology Addressing Table Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask R1 G0/0/0 172.16.12.1 255.255.255.252 R1 G0/0/1 10.10.1.1 255.255.255.0 R2 G0/0/0 172.16.12.2 255.255.255.252 A1 VLAN 1 10.10.1.4 255.255.255.0 Objectives Part 1: Build the Network and Con...

Topology Addressing Table Device Interface IPv4 Address IPv6 Address IPv6 Link-Local R1 G0/0/0 172.16.0.2/30 2001:db8:acad:a001::2/64 fe80::1:2 R1 G0/0/1 10.10.0.1/30 2001:db8:acad:1001::1/64 fe80::1:1 R2 Lo0 209.165.200.225/27 2001:db8:feed:209::1/64 ...