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An analog telephone adapter (ATA) or foreign exchange station (FXS) gateway, is a device for connecting traditional analog telephones, fax machines, and similar customer-premises devices to a digital telephone system or a VoIP telephone network. An ATA is oft...

The Cisco SPA122 ATA with Router combines VoIP services with an internal router for LAN connectivity. Easy to install and use, it works over an IP network to connect analog phones and fax machines to a VoIP service provider and provides support for additiona...

Introduction For this lab I am using a Cisco SPA122 device I bought on Wallapop (the product is no longer on sale). I am assuming this ATA comes preconfigured so I won't bother verifying if it comes factory reset and just will go ahead and do the factory rese...

Introduction I have the current situation at home: However, due to some needs, I needed to relocate the Movistar HGU router to another room (ROOM 2), which makes it impossible for me to run a telephone cable directly from ROOM 2 to ROOM 1. I have however a...

Introduction We will take on the configuration from the last post where I showed how to configure the Cisco SPA122 to be used with a landline phone, and we will modify it to be used with a US Robotics 56K Faxmodem instead of a landline phone. Say we have a U...

Introduction This is a follow-up article to installing a US Robotics 56K Faxmodem on Windows 98. We are now ready to test the modem connection to Internet and see if it still works in 2024. Connection nodes still available in Spain At the end of the 90's,...

Introduction When performing an SSL scan at SSL Labs it showed that this webpage had a grade of B. This is the grade also obtained at Mozilla Observatory (75/100 score). The report from Mozilla Observatory, showed that just disabling TLSv1 and TLSv1.1 would i...

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Introduction Beginning with the following topology: With the Movistar HGU router configured in "semi-bridge" mode (bridge mode for the purposes of this article), we want to access its 192.168.1.1 management IP (WEB GUI) from the 192.168.2.0 LAN. Configura...

Introduction The AP used in this lab is a Cisco Aironet 1700i Series AP, an AIR-CAP1702I-E-K9. Suppose this AP was bought second-hand and comes with some non-default configuration (including a username/password console CLI access combination we don't know). ...

Introduction For this lab I have the following AP model: AIR-CAP1702I-E-K9. This is an AP I bought second-hand which comes with a non-default configuration to be used as a LAP (Lightweight Access Point) with an WLC. In this situation we cannot reconfigure th...

Introduction We begin where we left off in the article of how to convert a lightweight AP (LAP) to an autonomous AP. We will first show how to access the GUI via a web browser (enabling the HTTP web server, because this setting is not enabled by default on th...

Introduction In many situations, it would be necessary to allow a router to accept interactive command processor of Cisco IOS (EXEC) calls with a modem connected to the auxiliary (AUX) port of the router (out-of-band connection). The topology used on this la...

Introduction After reviewing how to connect and use a modem on Windows 98 we will now use a known-working connection to access a BBS (bulletin board system) via Telnet. mTelnet We will use the mTelnet Telnet client to access any BBS, as this client works ...

Introduction The Hayes command set (also known as the AT command set) is a specific command language originally developed by Dale Heatherington and Dennis Hayes for the Hayes Smartmodem 300 baud modem in 1981. The command set consists of a series of short te...

Upon completion of the Network Addressing and Basic Troubleshooting course, you should be able to perform the following tasks: Examine how physical layer protocols, services, and network media support communications across data networks. Explain how media ...

GBIC A gigabit interface converter (GBIC) is a standard for transceivers, first defined in 1995 and commonly used with Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel. By offering a standard, hot swappable electrical interface, a single gigabit port can support a wide ran...

RAM: Sometimes called DRAM, is used for working storage. The running (active) configuration file is stored here. RAM loses its contents when the switch loses power or is reloaded. Flash memory: Either a chip inside the switch or a removable memory card, fla...

The following list summarizes the most common reasons for choosing to create smaller broadcast domains (VLANs): To reduce CPU overhead on each device, improving host performance, by reducing the number of devices that receive each broadcast frame. To reduc...